Three patients with advanced cutaneous angiosarcoma treated with eribulin: investigation of serum soluble CD163 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 as possible biomarkers predicting the biological behaviour of angiosarcoma.

Cutaneous angiosarcoma (CAS) is a highly aggressive vascular tumour that recurs locally and metastasizes early. Although chemoradiotherapy with taxanes shows a high response rate with prolonged survival, second-line therapy for advanced CAS remains contentious. This report describes three patients with advanced CAS treated with eribulin. In addition, we investigated serum soluble (s)CD163, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 levels at several time points of tumour progression in these patients, revealing serum levels of sCD163 and CXCL10 as potential biomarkers for progression of CAS.

Isolation and characterisation of prolactin-releasing peptide in chicks and its effect on prolactin release and feeding behaviour.

Prolactin (PRL)-releasing peptides (PrRP) have been identified in mammals, amphibians and fishes, and these animals have several PrRPs that consist of different numbers of amino acids such as 20, 31 and 37. In the present study, we identified the cDNA encoding chicken prepro-PrRP, which can generate putative PrRPs, and cloned and sequenced it. Sequences for the coding region suggested the occurrence of putative PrRPs of 20, 31 and 32 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of chicken PrRP20 showed 100%, 95% and 70% identity with those of PrRP20s from teleosts, Xenopus laevis and mammals, respectively. On the other hand, chicken PrRP31 showed approximately 90% and 52-55% homology to PrRP31s of X. laevis and mammals, respectively. Native chicken PrRPs were purified from an acid extract of chick brain by a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA), affinity chromatography using anti-salmon PrRP serum, and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an ODS-120T column (TOSOH, Tokyo, Japan). The existence of chicken PrRP20 and PrRP31 in the brain was demonstrated by comparing them with the synthetic peptides using HPLC and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chicken PrRP31 increased plasma PRL concentration when administered peripherally, whereas central administration decreased the concentration, suggesting that chicken PrRP31 has a distinct effect on PRL secretion between tissues in chicks. On the other hand, plasma growth hormone concentration decreased with both peripheral and central administrations of chicken PrRP31. Furthermore, central administration of chicken PrRP31 increased food intake in chicks compared to those observed in mammals and fishes. Taken together with the results indicating that chicken PrRP20 did not show endocrine and behavioural effects, we showed that chicken PrRP has a similar amino acid sequence to teleosts, Xenopus laevis and mammals, although the actions were variable among vertebrates.

Phase diagram of the electron-doped La2-xCexCuO4 cuprate superconductor from Andreev bound states at grain boundary junctions.

We use quasiparticle tunneling across La2-xCexCuO4 grain boundary junctions to probe the superconducting state and its disappearance with increasing temperature and magnetic field. A zero bias conductance peak due to zero energy surface Andreev bound states is a clear signature of the phase coherence of the superconducting state. Hence, such a peak must disappear at or below the upper critical field Bc2(T). For La2-xCexCuO4 this approach sets a lower bound for Bc2(0) approximately 25 T which is substantially higher than reported previously. The method of probing the superconducting state via Andreev bound states should also be applicable to other cuprate superconductors.

Primary structure and tissue distribution of GPR39 messenger ribonucleic acid in Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica.

It has been found that GPR39 is an orphan receptor that belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. In mammals, GPR39 has been shown to be involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal and metabolic function. In this study, we performed cDNA cloning for GPR39 in Japanese quail and characterized the tissue expression profiles of its mRNA. The cDNA encoded 462 amino acids, showing very high sequence homology to chicken GPR39 (95.5%) and moderate homology to mouse (64.7%), rat (63.7%), and human (59.9%) GPR39. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that GPR39 mRNA is expressed at high levels in the digestive tissues such as stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon and rectum and at moderate levels in the oviduct including infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, and uterus. These findings suggest that GPR39 may be involved in gastrointestinal and oviductal functions in Japanese quail.

Persistent supercurrent atom chip.

Rubidium-87 atoms are trapped in an Ioffe-Pritchard potential generated with a persistent supercurrent that flows in a loop circuit patterned on a sapphire surface. The superconducting circuit is a closed loop made of a 100 microm wide molecular-beam epitaxy-grown MgB2 stripe carrying a supercurrent of 2.5 A. To control the supercurrent in the stripe, an on-chip thermal switch operated by a focused argon-ion laser is developed. The switch operates as an on/off switch of the supercurrent or as a device to set the current to a specific value with the aid of an external magnetic field. The current can be set even without an external source if the change is in the decreasing direction.

Fertilization and blastoderm development of quail oocytes after intracytoplasmic injection of chicken sperm bearing the W chromosome.

Our previous study demonstrated that elongated spermatids and sperm carrying the female-specific W-chromosome of the sex-reversed domestic fowl can activate the mouse oocyte, but whether they can fertilize the avian oocyte and lead to a developing zygote remains undetermined. A single sperm isolated from the semen and testis of normal rooster and from a testis of sex-reversed hen was microinjected into a quail oocyte and cultured for 20 to 24 h. Blastoderms were fixed, cleaved, nuclei stained by 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylin-dole, and developmental stages were assessed. In the normal rooster group, ejaculated and testicular sperm induced blastodermal development in 22.6 and 20% of the quail oocytes, respectively. The developmental stages ranged from IV to VII. In the sex-reversal group, 20% of injected testicular sperm induced blastodermal development. The blastodermal stages varied from stage III to VI. Blastoderms after 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining were assayed by PCR to identify the W chromosome of either chicken sperm or quail oocyte. The PCR assay results showed that 2 out of 9 developed blastoderms microinjected with sperm of sex-reversed hen were identified containing the female-specific W chromosome derived from sex-reversed hen. From these results, it is concluded that chicken sperm bearing the W chromosome possess fertilizing ability and can function to stimulate blastoderm development similar to that of normal chicken sperm carrying the Z chromosome.

Fertilizing ability of chicken sperm bearing the W chromosome.

In the sex-reversed domestic fowl, spermatids and sperm carrying the female-specific W chromosome have been demonstrated, but whether the spermatids can become functional sperm and can fertilize the oocyte remains undetermined. In the present study, sex reversal was induced by injection of a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor (Fadrozole) into the air sac of the chicken egg on d 4 of incubation, and the chicks were reared to 18 mo old. A single elongated spermatid or sperm was isolated from the testis from either normal roosters or sex-reversed hens, and each was microinjected into a mouse oocyte and cultured for 24 h. Although injected oocytes were monitored on the stage of microscope, they were classified into groups by the number of pronuclei. Those that showed male and female pronuclei (2PN) were considered to have oocyte-activating potency. In the normal rooster group, most semen and testicular sperm induced 2PN, whereas only half of the elongated spermatids induced 2PN. In the sex-reversal group, most testicular sperm induced 2PN, whereas nearly half of the elongated spermatids induced 2PN in the oocytes. There was no pronucleus in the oocytes after microinjection of medium only. A second experiment confirmed the higher rate of oocyte activation by testicular sperm than testicular elongated spermatids. In this second experiment, individual oocytes injected with spermatids and sperm of sex-reversed hens were assayed by PCR to identify the W chromosome. Most spermatids and sperm carried Z chromosome, whereas a minority carried W chromosome. However, the sperm carrying W chromosome evoked 2PN with the same rate of oocyte activation as those carrying Z chromosome. From these results, it is concluded that the chicken elongated spermatids and sperm carrying W chromosome may possess a fertilizing ability similar to normal chicken sperm carrying the Z chromosome.

Fluorescence X-ray absorption spectroscopy using a Ge pixel array detector: application to high-temperature superconducting thin-film single crystals.

A Ge pixel array detector with 100 segments was applied to fluorescence X-ray absorption spectroscopy, probing the local structure of high-temperature superconducting thin-film single crystals (100 nm in thickness). Independent monitoring of pixel signals allows real-time inspection of artifacts owing to substrate diffractions. By optimizing the grazing-incidence angle theta and adjusting the azimuthal angle phi, smooth extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) oscillations were obtained for strained (La,Sr)2CuO4 thin-film single crystals grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The results of EXAFS data analysis show that the local structure (CuO6 octahedron) in (La,Sr)2CuO4 thin films grown on LaSrAlO4 and SrTiO3 substrates is uniaxially distorted changing the tetragonality by approximately 5 x 10(-3) in accordance with the crystallographic lattice mismatch. It is demonstrated that the local structure of thin-film single crystals can be probed with high accuracy at low temperature without interference from substrates.

Retreatment of cerebral aneurysms after guglielmi detachable coil embolization.

SUMMARY: Of 175 patients with 181 aneurysms initially treated with Guglielmi Detachable Coils (GDC), 25 were retreated. All retreatments except one were performed on previously ruptured aneurysms. Thirteen aneurysms were retreated because of recurrence, and 12 aneurysms were retreated to complete initial insufficient embolization. Sixteen patients underwent re-embolization and 9 patients were operated upon surgically. No complications related to the retreatment were experienced. We consider that repeat embolization should be attempted before considering surgical treatment in case that additional therapy is required. However, it is difficult to retreat aneurysms having wide necks. In regard to surgical clipping, aneurysms without a coil in the neck are easier to treat with primary clipping, whereas aneurysms with a coil mass in the neck are difficult to surgical clip. We have never used temporary clipping and coil extraction if the distance between the coil and the parent artery was wider than 2 mm. Emerging new embolic agents or devices and technical improvement might decrease the need for retreatment and increase long-term efficacy after endovascular treatment.

cDNA cloning of chicken orexin receptor and tissue distribution: sexually dimorphic expression in chicken gonads.

Orexin-A and -B are known to stimulate food intake in mammals. However, the critical roles of orexins in birds are not fully understood, since orexins have no stimulatory effect on food intake in the chicken. To understand the physiological role(s) of orexins in birds, we have cloned chicken orexin receptor (cOXR) cDNA by RT-PCR, and analysed the tIssue distribution of OXR mRNA in the chicken. The cOXR cDNA is 1869 bp long and encodes 501 amino acids. The cloned cDNA for cOXR corresponds to the type 2 OXR in mammals, and shows approximately 80% similarity to those of mammals at the amino acid level. Expression analysis by RNase protection assay revealed OXR mRNA was distributed widely in brain regions, and expression in the cerebrum, hypothalamus and optic tectum were abundant. In peripheral tIssues, OXR mRNA was expressed in the pituitary gland, adrenal gland and testis, but no mRNA expression was observed in other tIssues examined. Furthermore, we found that the amount of cOXR mRNA was different between testis and ovary, while prepro-orexin mRNA is equally expressed in the gonads of both sexes in the chicken. These data indicate that the orexins have neuroendocrine actions in chickens, which are mediated through hypothalamic receptors as has been observed in mammals. In addition, orexin may have specific role(s) in the regulation of gonadal function in which sex-dependent mechanisms could be involved.

Magnetic penetration depth measurements of Pr2-xCexCuO4-delta films on buffered substrates: evidence for a nodeless gap.

We report measurements of the inverse squared magnetic penetration depth, lambda(-2)(T), in Pr(2-x)Ce(x)CuO(4-delta) (0.115< or =x < or =0.152) superconducting films grown on SrTiO3 (001) substrates coated with a buffer layer of insulating Pr2CuO4. lambda(-2)(0), T(c), and normal-state resistivities of these films indicate that they are clean and homogeneous. Over a wide range of Ce doping, 0.124< or =x < or =0.144, lambda(-2)(T) at low T is flat: it changes by less than 0.15% over a factor of 3 change in T, indicating a gap in the superconducting density of states. Fits to the first 5% decrease in lambda(-2)(T) produce values of the minimum superconducting gap in the range of 0.29< or =Delta(min)/k(B)T(c)< or =1.01.

Profiles of mRNA expression of genes related to sex differentiation of the gonads in the chicken embryo.

Sex is determined genetically in birds. The homogametic sex is male (ZZ), whereas the heterogametic sex is female (ZW). According to the genetic sex, gonads develop into testes or ovary. In this study, we performed experiments to reveal mRNA expression patterns in the gonad between d 5.5 and 8.5 of incubation and examined a possible role of Dss-Ahc critical region on the X chromosome 1 (Dax1), Steroidogenic factor 1 (Sf1), P450aromatase (P450arom), Estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha), doublesex and mab3 related transcription factor 1 (Dmrt1), Sry-related HMG box gene 9 (Sox9), Gata binding protein 4 (Gata4), and anti-müllerian hormone (Amh) in sex differentiation in chicken embryonic gonads using RNase protection assay. In embryonic chicken gonads, Dax1 mRNA was expressed in both sexes but was higher in females than in males at d 6.5 and 7.5 of incubation. The Sf1 mRNA was expressed in both sexes, but it was expressed more in males at d 5.5 than in females but more in females than in males at d 7.5 and 8.5 of incubation. The P450arom mRNA was expressed only in female gonads from d 5.5 of incubation. The ER alpha mRNA was expressed in both sexes, but it did not show a sex difference. On the other hand, the Dmrt1 mRNA was expressed in both sexes, but it showed a male-specific expression pattern. The male-specific expression pattern was observed in Sox9 mRNA, but it was not expressed in female gonads. The Gata4 mRNA was expressed in both sexes, and sex differences were not revealed throughout the observational period. Amh mRNA was expressed in both sexes, but it had male-specific mRNA expression pattern at d 6.5 to 8.5 of incubation. These results indicate that Dax1, Sf1, and P450arom have possible roles in ovary formation, whereas Dmrt1, Sox9, and Amh are related to testis formation in differentiating chicken gonads at d 5.5 to 8.5 of incubation.

Magnetic-field dependence of the maximum supercurrent of La2-xCexCuO4-y interferometers: evidence for a predominant dx2-y2 superconducting order parameter.

We performed a phase-sensitive test of the symmetry of the superconducting order parameter of the electron doped cuprate La(2-x)Ce(x)CuO(4-y) using a superconducting quantum interferometer with spatially distributed Josephson junctions. The studies were made on a thin film grown on a SrTiO3 tetracrystal substrate. The superconducting transition temperature was about 29 K which indicates that the sample is close to optimal doping. The magnetic field dependence of the critical current gives strong evidence for a predominant dx(2)(-y(2)) order parameter symmetry of the sample measured. It also gives upper limits for the s-wave component in a mixed order parameter of the type s+idx(2)(-y(2)).

Intraosseous meningioma of the posterior fossa--Case report.

A 62-year-old male presented with a rare intraosseous meningioma with intradural extension manifesting as frequent vomiting and floating sensation that had persisted for 3 months. Neuroimaging detected a mass lesion that was mainly located extradurally in the right posterior fossa with a daughter lesion inside the dura. He underwent surgical excision of the mass lesion. Craniectomy exposed the main lesion of the tumor just beneath the thinned outer table of the skull, and in the extradural space, with the daughter lesion penetrating the dura. Both portions of the tumor were resected. There was no attachment to the adjacent dura mater. Histological examination showed meningotheliomatous meningioma containing scattered bony tissue. This intraosseous meningioma probably originated from the occipital bone with a small intradural extension caused by mechanical compression.

Indirect arterial blood pressure measurement at the wrist using a pad-type square cuff and volume-oscillometric method.

Using theoretical and experimental approaches, we examined whether blood pressure at the wrist can be accurately measured by a volume-oscillometric method using a small pad-type square cuff placed above the radial artery (RA). Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist allowed us to determine the geometry of two-dimensional (2-D) finite-element models. Finite-element method (FEM) analysis predicted that the pressure transmission ratio (calculated tissue pressure over externally applied pressure; square cuff to RA) was 98.8% for a cuff with a bladder sidelength 0.25 times the wrist diameter placed on the skin surface between the tendons of the brachioradialis muscle (Ta) and the flexor capri radialis muscle (Tb) and over the site (L) at which RA crosses the most protuberant spot on the volar aspect of the distal end of the radius. In addition, FEM analysis using a 3-D finite-element model (constructed by extending the 2-D finite-element model at site L in the longitudinal direction) showed that for all square cuffs with bladder sidelengths greater than or equal to 0.25 times the wrist diameter, the external pressure was transmitted almost completely to RA beneath the cuff center. Moreover, when the bladder sidelength was 0.44 times the wrist diameter, but not 0.29 times the wrist diameter, the mean blood pressure measured at site L in human subjects was similar to that measured at the upper arm. Taken together, the theoretical and the experimental results suggest that (i) blood pressure at the wrist can be measured accurately using a pad-type square cuff placed on the skin surface between Ta and Tb at site L, and (ii) the minimum bladder sidelength for accurate readings is somewhere between one-third and one-half of the wrist diameter.

Suitable location and optimum bladder width for the occluding cuff used for indirect arterial blood pressure measurements at the wrist.

Using a finite element method (FEM) and a volume oscillometric method with a photo-electric plethysmograph, we tried to determine which location(s) and which bladder width(s) of the occluding cuff would allow the most accurate indirect blood pressure measurements at the human wrist. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist allowed us to determine the geometry of two-dimensional (2D) finite element models. FEM analysis showed that the pressure transmission ratio (calculated tissue pressure: externally applied pressure) from the cuff to the radial artery (RA) was 100% when the cuff was placed over the site (L1) at which the RA crosses the most protuberant spot on the volar aspect of the distal end of the radius. In fact, the mean blood pressure (BPM) measured at this site in human subjects coincided with that measured at the upper arm (BPMA). In addition, a three-dimensional (3D) FEM was constructed by extending the 2D FEM at site L1 in the longitudinal direction to investigate the relation between pressure transmission to the RA and cuff bladder width. FEM analysis using the 3D finite element model showed that for all cuff widths greater than 0.25 times the diameter of the wrist, the external pressure was transmitted almost completely to the RA beneath the cuff center. Moreover, when the cuff width was as large as 0.45 times the diameter of the wrist, the BPM measured at site L1 in human subjects was similar to the BPMA. The theoretical and experimental results in the present study both suggest that for accurate indirect blood pressure measurements at the wrist, the L1 site is a suitable location for the occluding cuff and a cuff whose bladder width is more than one-third but less than one-half the wrist diameter can be used.

Cloning and expression of pigeon growth hormone receptor cDNA in COS-7 monkey kidney cells.

Pigeon growth hormone receptor (pGHR) cDNA has been cloned, sequenced, characterized and expressed in COS-7 cells. The predicted pGHR preprotein was composed of 611 amino acids and contained a putative signal peptide, a single transmembrane region and the conserved proline-rich box 1 domain in the cytoplasmic region. A canonical polyadenylation signal was found in the extracellular region, as was observed in chicken growth hormone receptor cDNA. Northern blot analysis identified a single species of pGHR mRNA and its expression was widely observed in tissues in the young male pigeon. A pGHR expression vector was constructed and transfected into COS-7 cells. The transfected cells were specifically bound by 125I-labeled chicken GH and the binding was suppressed by the addition of excess amounts of unlabeled chicken GH.

Polyethylene wear from femoral bipolar neck-cup impingement as a cause of femoral prosthetic loosening.

A 33-year-old woman underwent an uncemented bipolar hip arthroplasty for osteoarthrosis of the left hip in 1985. Because of painful aseptic loosening, the bipolar implant was revised to a total hip prosthesis in 1994. Membranous tissues around the implant histologically presented foreign-body reaction against polyethylene debris. The retrieved implant showed polyethylene wear of the rim of the bipolar cup. Three-dimensional measurement of the surface configuration of the polyethylene of the cup indicated that wear debris had been generated almost exclusively from femoral bipolar neck-cup impingement. Volumetric wear in the articulating dome portion of the polyethylene was negligible. This report clearly illustrates how impingement of a bipolar cup on the femoral neck can be a major source of polyethylene wear debris which induces femoral osteolysis and subsequent stem loosening.

Nontraumatic bilateral first rib fractures.

The authors report the case of a 21-year old woman who presented bilateral spontaneous fractures of the first ribs, in the posterior portion on the right side, in the anterior portion on the left side. The pathogenesis of spontaneous fractures of the first rib is discussed.

Thyroid hormones are involved in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production by stimulating hepatic growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene expression in the chicken.

Effect of thyroid status on IGF-I production in growing chickens was studied. Serum concentrations of GH were not affected by propylthiouracil (PTU) or thyroxine (T4) treatments, whereas serum IGF-I levels were significantly decreased in PTU-treated chickens. The lowered serum IGF-I levels in the PTU-treated group were completely restored to the control levels by T4 injections. In the liver, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions both for GH receptor (GHR) and IGF-I were significantly repressed by PTU treatment, and were restored again by T4 replacement. In addition, the results of analysis on radiolabelled GH binding to the liver membrane were consistent with the levels of hepatic GHR mRNA expression. Serum concentrations of IGF-I were positively correlated with hepatic IGF-I mRNA and GHR mRNA expressions. The correlation coefficient between serum T3 levels and hepatic IGF-I mRNA expressions was also significant. These results indicate that thyroid hormones regulate IGF-I production in the chicken by affecting hepatic GHR expression.